قابلیتهای پویای مدیریتی و کارآفرینی فناورانه بین الملل:تشخیص و بهره برداری فرصتهای فناورانه بین الملل در استارتاپهای حوزه فناوری اطلاعات
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت تکنولوژی
mohammad amin keshmiri hagh
1
,
محمد حسن مبارکي
2
*
,
جهانگیر یدالهی فارسی
3
,
علي مبيني دهكردي
4
1 - 1) دانشجوی دکترای کارآفرینی تکنولوژیک،دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران
2 - دانشگاه تهران
3 - دانشیار دانشکده کارآفرینی،دانشگاه تهران
4 - دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: قابلیتهای پویای مدیریتی, فرصتهای کارآفرینی فناورانه بین الملل, استارتاپهای فناوری اطلاعات,
چکیده مقاله :
تشخیص و بهره برداری فرصتهای فناورانه بین المللی فرایند محوری در کارآفرینی فناوری بین الملل میباشد.بخاطر تغییرات رادیکال در فناوری های پیشرفته مانند فناوری اطلاعات، ایجاد و توسعه قابلیتهای پویا یکی از عوامل مهم و ضروری برای استارتاپهای فناوری پیشرفته برای خلق ارزش بین المللی موفق از طریق بهره برداری از فرصتهای فناورانه در بازارهای بین المللی است. ایجاد و توسعه قابلیتهای پویا در کارآفرینی فناورانه مخصوصا در حوزه بین الملل یکی از حوزه های تحقیقاتی مهم و در حال رشد میباشد و سوالات بسیاری در مورد چگونگی اثر گذاری و ایجاد و توسعه این قابلیتها در پیشینه تحقیقات کارآفرینی بین الملل و فناورانه برای تحقیقات آتی مطرح شده است.با استفاده از روش مطالعه موردی چندگانه و تحلیل داده های کیفی برگرفته از 12 مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته با استارتاپهای حوزه فناوری اطلاعات که در بازارهای بین الملل وارد شده اند این تحقیق نشان داد که قابلیت شناختی مدیریتی و ذهنیت بین المللی مدیریتی، سرمایه اجتماعی و قابلیت شبکه سازی مدیریتی و قابلیت یادگیری و سرمایه انسانی مدیریتی که شکل دهنده قابلیت پویای مدیریتی میباشد دارای اثر مهمی در تشخیص و بهره برداری از فرصتهای فناورانه بین الملل توسط استارتاپهای حوزه فناوری اطلاعات دارد و استارتاپهای این حوزه باید به این قابلیتها توجه ویژه نمایند. نتیجه گیری و پیشنهاداتی برای مدیران و سیاست گذاران حوزه استارتاپهای فناوری اطلاعات در جهت حضور در بازارهای بین الملل و پیشنهاداتی برای تحقیقات آتی در انتهای مقاله نیزارائه شده است.
The recognition and exploitation of international technological opportunities is the fundamental process is in the international technological entrepreneurship. Because of the radical changes in the high and advanced technologies related to the information technology , Dynamic capability is one of the important factors for IT based start-ups in the successful international value creation .this concept is under researched . For this purpose this study investigated managerial dynamic capability role in the international opportunities exploitation by IT based start-ups. By using multiple case study methodology and conducting 12 semi structured interviews with Iranian IT sector start-ups who participated in the international markets and analysing the qualitative data, the study show that managerial dynamic capability have the important role to foster international Technological entrepreneurship.
Adler PS, Kwon S (2002) Social capital: prospects for a new concept. Acad Manag Rev 27(1):17–40
Adner R, Helfat CE (2003) Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities. Strateg Manag J 24:1011–1025
Aldrich H, Zimmer C (1986) Entrepreneurship through social networks. In: Sexton D, Similor R (eds) The art and science of entrepreneurship. Ballinger, Cambridge, pp 2–23
Alvarez SA, Busentitz LW (2001) The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. J Manag 27(6):755–775
Ambrosini V, Bowman C, Collier N (2009) Dynamic capabilities: an exploration of how firms renew their resource base. Br J Manag 20(1):9–24
Andersson S (2000) The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective. Int Stud Manag Organ 30(1):63–92
Andersson S, Florén H (2011) Differences in managerial behavior between small international and noninternational firms. J Int Entrep 9(3):233–258
Andersson S, Gabrielsson J, Wictor I (2004) International activities in small firms. Examining factors
influencing the internationalization and export growth of small firms. Can J Adm Sci 21(1):22–34
Andersson S, Wictor I (2003) Innovative internationalisation in new firms: born globals–the Swedish case. J Int Entrep 1(3):249–275
Andersson, S., & Evers, N. (2015). International opportunity recognition in international new ventures—a dynamic managerial capabilities perspective. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 13(3), 260-276.
Ardichvili A, Cardozo R, Ray S (2003) A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. J Bus Ventur 18:105–123
Atuahene-Gima K, Murray JY (2007) Exploratory and exploitative learning in new product development: a social capital perspective on new technology ventures in China. J Int Mark 15(2):1–29
Augier M, Teece D (2008) Stratagy as evolution with design: the foundations of dynamic capabilities and the role of managers in the economic system. Organ Stud 29:1187–1208
Autio E (2005) Creative tension: the significance of Ben Oviatt’s and Patricia McDougall’s article “toward a theory of international new ventures”. J Int Bus Stud 36(1):9–19
Autio E, George G, Alexy O (2011) International entrepreneurship and capability development: qualitative evidence and future research directions. Enterp Theory Pract 35(1):11–37
Autio E, Sapienza HJ, Almeida JG (2000) Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Acad Manag J 43(5):909–924
Barney JB (1991) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. J Manag 17(1):99–120
Baron RA (1998) Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: why and when entrepreneurs thinkdifferently than other people. J Bus Ventur 13(4):275–294
Bateman TS, Crant JM (1993) The proactive component of organizational behavior: a measure and correlates.J Organ Behav 14(2):103–118
Becker G (1964) Human capital. Columbia University Press, New York
Bloodgood JM, Sapienza HJ, Almeida JG (1996) The internationalization of new high-potential US ventures:antecedents and outcomes. Enterp Theory Pract 20:61–76
Brush CG, Greene PG, Hart MM (2001) From initial idea to unique advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. Acad Manag Exec 15(1):64–80
Burt RS (1992) Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Bamberger, M. (2000). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research in
development projects. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases:
Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 25–32
Castanias RP, Helfat CE (1991) Managerial resources and rents. J Manag 17:155–171
Castanias RP, Helfat CE (2001) the managerial rents model: theory and empirical analysis. J Manag 27:661–678
Carayannis, E. G., Samara, E. T., & Bakouros, Y. L. (2015). Introduction to Technological Entrepreneurship. In Innovation and Entrepreneurship (pp. 137-157). Springer, Cham.
Chandra Y, Styles C, Wilkinson IF (2012) An opportunity-based view of rapid internationalization. J Int Mark 20(1):74–102
Chetty S, Agndal H (2007) Social Capital and Its Influence on Changes in Internationalization Mode Among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. J Int Mark 15(1):1.29
Coviello N, Cox M (2006) “The Resource Dynamics of International New Venture Networks.” J Int Entrep 4: 113–132
Dimitratos P, Jones MV (2005) Future directions for international entrepreneurship research. Sexton DL, Smillor RW eds. Int Bus Rev 14(2):119–128
Diamantopoulos A, Schlegelmilch BB, Tse KY (1993) Understanding the role of export marketing assistance: empirical evidence and research needs. Eur J Mark 27(4):5–18
Ellis PD (2000) Social ties and foreign market entry. J Int Bus Stud 31(3):443–469
Eisenhardt K, Martin J (2000) Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Strateg Manag J 21:1105–1121
Evers N (2011) International new ventures in low-tech sectors: a dynamic capabilities perspective. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 18(3):502–528
Evers N, Knight J (2008) Trade shows and small firm internationalisation: a network perspective. Int Mark Rev 25(5):544–562
Evers N, O'Gorman C (2011) Improvised internationalization in new ventures: the role of prior knowledge and networks. Entrep Reg Dev 23(7–8):549–574
Evers N, Andersson S, Hannibal M (2012) Stakeholders and marketing capabilities in international new ventures: evidence from Ireland, Sweden, and Denmark. J Int Mark 20(4):46–71
Gabriel, C. A., Kirkwood, J., Walton, S., & Rose, E. L. (2016). How do developing country constraints affect renewable energy entrepreneurs?. Energy for Sustainable Development, 35, 52-66.
Gartner WB (1985) “Framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation”. Acad Manag Rev 10:696–706
Gavetti G (2005) Cognition and hierarchy: rethinking the microfoundations of capabilities’ development.Organ Sci 16(6):599–617
Gavetti G, Levinthal DA (2000) Looking forward and looking backward: cognitive and experiental search’. Adm Sci Q 45:113–137
Gelatkanycz MA, Boyd BK, Finkelstein S (2001) The strategic value of CEO external directorate networks: implications for CEO compensation. Strateg Manag J 22(9):889–898
Ghannad N, Andersson S (2012) The influence of the entrepreneur’s background on the behaviour and development of born globals’ internationalisation processes. Int J Entrep Small Bus 15(2):136–153
Granovetter MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. Am J Sociol 78:1360–1380
Granovetter MS (1982) The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited. In: Marsden PV, Lin N (eds) Social structure and network analysis. Sage, Beverly Hills, pp 105–130
Grant RM (1991) The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation.Calif Manag Rev 33(3):114–135
Griffith DA, Harvey MG (2001) A resource perspective of global dynamic capabilities. J Int Bus Stud 32(3):597–606
Ghauri, P. N., & Gronhaug, K. (2010). Research methods in business studies: A practical
guide (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
Gupta AK, Govindarajan V (2002) Cultivating a global mindset. Acad Manag Exec 16(1):116–126
Håkansson H (ed) (1982) International marketing and purchasing of industrial goods. Wiley, Chichester
Hambrick DC, Mason PA (1984) Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Acad Manag Rev 9:193–206
Harveston PD, Kedia BL, Davis PS (2000) Internationalization of born global and gradual globalizing firms: the impact of the manager. Adv Compet Res 8(1):92–99
Hennart J (2014) The accidental internationalists: a theory of born globals. Enterp Theory Pract 38(1):117–135
Helfat CE, Martin JA (2014) ‘Dynamic Managerial Capabilities: Review and Assessment of Managerial Impact on Strategic Change’. J Manag. doi:10.1177/0149206314561301
Holyoak KJ, Morrison RG (2012) Thinking and reasoning: a reader’s guide. In: Holyoak KJ, Morrison RG (eds) The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1–10
Huff AS (1990) Mapping strategic thought. In: Huff AS (ed) Mapping strategic thought. Wiley, Chichester, pp 11–49
Hulbert, B., Gilmore, A., & Carson, D. (2013). Sources of opportunities used by
growth minded owner managers of small and medium sized enterprises.
International Business Review, 22, 293–303.
Jack SL (2010) Approaches to studying networks: Implications and outcomes. J Bus Ventur 25(2010):120–137
Johanson J, Vahlne JE (1990) The mechanism of internationalisation. Int Mark Rev 7(4)
Johanson J, Vahlne JE (2009) The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. J Int Bus Stud 40(9):1411–1431
Johnson DR, Hoopes DG (2003) Managerial cognition, sunk costs, and the evolution of industry structure.Strateg Manag J 24(10):1057–1068
Jones MV, Casulli L (2014) International entrepreneurship: exploring the logic and utility of individual experience through comparative reasoning approaches. Enterp Theory Pract 38(1):45–69
Jones MV, Coviello N, Tang YK (2011) International entrepreneurship research (1989–2009): a domain ontology and thematic analysis. J Bus Ventur 26(6):632–659
Karakaya, E., Nuur, C., & Hidalgo, A. (2016). Business model challenge: Lessons from a local solar company. Renewable energy, 85, 1026-1035.
Kemper J, Engelen A, Brettel M (2011) How top management's social capital fosters the development of specialized marketing capabilities: a cross-cultural comparison. J Int Mark 19(3):87–112
Kirkwood, J., & Walton, S. (2010). How ecopreneurs’ green values affect their international engagement in supply chain management. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 200-217.
Kirzner IM (1973) Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Kirzner I (1997) Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: an Austrian approach. J Econ Lit 35:60–85
Knight GA, Cavusgil ST (2004) Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. J Int Bus Stud 35:124–141
Landström H, Harirchi G, Åström F (2012) Entrepreneurship: Exploring the knowledge base. Res Policy 41:1154–1181
Leonidou LC, Katsikeas CS, Samiee S (2002) Marketing strategy determinants of export performance: a metaanalysis. J Bus Res 55(1):51–67
Levin DZ, Cross R (2004) The strength of weak ties you can trust: the mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Manag Sci 50:1477–1490
Loane S, Bell J (2006) Rapid internationalisation among entrepreneurial firms in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. Int Mark Rev 23(5):467–485
Lumpkin GT, Dess GG (1996) Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Acad Manage Rev 21(1):135–172
Lumpkin GT, Lichtenstein BB (2005) The role of organizational learning in the opportunity recognition process Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29(4):451–472
Madsen TK, Servais P (1997) The internationalization of born globals: an evolutionary process? Int Bus Rev 6(6):561–583
McDougall PP, Oviatt BM (1996) New venture internationalization, strategic change and performance: a follow-up study. J Bus Ventur 11(1):23–40
McDougall PP, Shane S, Oviatt BM (1994) Explaining the formation of international new ventures: the limits of studies from international business research. J Bus Ventur 9(6):469–487
McDougall PP, Oviatt BM, Shrader RC (2003) A comparison of international anddomestic new ventures. J Int Entrep 1(1):59–82
McGaughey SL (2007) Hidden ties in international new venturing: the case of portfolio entrepreneurship. J World Bus 42(3):307–321
Mintzberg H (1973) The nature of managerial work. Harper & Row, New York
Moen Ø (2002) The born globals: a new generation of small European exporters. Int Mark Rev 19(2):156–175
Montealegre R (2002) A process model of capability development: lessons from the electronic commerce strategy at Blosa de Valores de Guayaguil. Organ Sci 13(5):514–531
Nanda, R., Younge, K., & Fleming, L. (2014). Innovation and entrepreneurship in renewable energy. In The changing frontier: Rethinking science and innovation policy (pp. 199-232). University of Chicago Press.
Nahapiet J, Ghoshal S (1998) Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Acad Manag Rev 23(2):242–266
Newbert S (2007) Empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm: An assessment and suggestions for future research. Strateg Manag J 28(2):121–146
Nummela N, Saarenketo S, Puumalainen K (2004) Global mindset–a prerequisite for successful
internationalisation? Can J Adm Sci 21(1):51–64
OECD (1997) Globalization and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris
.Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (1994) Toward a theory of international new ventures. J Int Bus Stud 25(1):45–64
Oviatt BM, McDougall P (2005) Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrep Theory Pract 29(5):537–553
Ozgen E, Baron RA (2007) Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors,industry networks, and professional forums. J Bus Ventur 22(2):174–192
Payan J, Svensson G, Awuah G, Andersson S, Hair J (2010) A “cross-cultural RELQUAL-scale” in supplierdistributor relationships of Sweden and USA. Int Mark Rev 27(5):541–561
Perlmutter HV (1969) The tortuous evolution of the multinational corporation. Columbia J World Bus :9–18
Politis D (2005) The process of entrepreneurial learning: a conceptual framework. Enterp Theory Pract 29(4):399–424
Polonsky MJ (1996) Stakeholder management and the stakeholder matrix: potential strategic marketing tools.J Mark-Focus Manag 1(3):209–229
Prahalad CK, Bettis AB (1986) The dominant logic – a new linkage between diversity and performance. Strateg Manag J 7:485–501
Rialp A, Rialp J, Knight GA (2005) The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: what do we know after a decade (1993–2003) of scientific inquiry? Int Bus Rev 14(2):147–166
Santisteban, J., & Mauricio, D. (2017). Systematic Literature Review of Critical Success Factors of Information Technology Startups. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal.
Schumpeter JA (1934) The theory of economic development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Schwenk CR (1984) Competitive simplification processes in strategic decision-making. Strateg Manag J 5(2): 111–128
Shane S (2000) Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organ Sci 11:448–469
Shane S, Venkataraman S (2000) The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Acad Manag Rev 25(1):217–226
Söderqvist A (2011) Opportunity exploration and exploitation in INVs: a study of relationships’ involvement in early entrepreneurial and internationalisation events. Doctoral dissertation, Hanken school of Economics, Vasa, Finland
Teece DJ (2007) Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strateg Manag J 28:1319–1350
Teece DJ (2012) Dynamic capabilities: routines versus entrepreneurial action. J Manag Stud 49:1395–1401
Teece DJ (2014) A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprise. J Int Bus Stud 45(1):8–37
Teece DJ, Pisano G, Shuen A (1997) Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strateg Manag J 18(7):509–533
Vasilchenko E, Morrish S (2011) The role of entrepreneurial networks in the exploration and exploitation of information and communication technology firms. J Int Mark 19(4):88–105
Weerawardena J, Mort GS, Liesch PW, Knight G (2007) Conceptualizing accelerated internationalization in the born global firm: a dynamic capabilities perspective. J World Bus 42(3):294–306
Westhead P, Wright M, Ucbasaran D (2001) The internationalization of new and smallfirms: a resource-based view. J Bus Ventur 16(4):333–358
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). ). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Zahra S, Korri JS, Yu J (2005) Cognition and internationalentrepreneurship: implications for research
oninternational opportunityrecognition and exploitation. Int Bus Rev 14:129–146
Zahra SA, Ireland RD, Hitt MA (2000) International expansion of new venture firms: international diversity,mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. Acad Manag J 43(5):925–950
Zahra S, Sapienza H, Davidsson P (2006) Entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities: a review, model and research agenda. J Manag Stud 43:917–955